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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUib2QCicRg8Y0duyvG2CqUjDue7lWZ5qt0Jia6doqStoIQRmjtxFPKDRdC3ViceDg5IjdvAViaw4Hpl8M0pQe1C1QKymbMmj0Z8QibBU\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=4\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9ydZ8CrW2leVE177NfAmN4uY5L8n5Us3fLQlyzH0D5DaR80iaBuJOxjJezUmlkvB6oUmph1ESuX4nNW3EiagYQ8RVNoJB3CNba8\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=6\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u516d &nbsp;\u4e2d\u5fb7\u201c\u7275\u7ebf\u4eba\u201d\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1927\u5e74\u56db\u4e00\u4e8c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u653f\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u63f4\u52a9\u901a\u9053\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6025\u9700\u586b\u8865\u82cf\u8054\u987e\u95ee\u64a4\u9000\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u7a7a\u7f3a\uff0c\u800c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6210\u5c31\u9887\u4e3a\u503e\u6155\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u63a8\u5d07\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5e76\u66fe\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u201d\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u6b64\u5f15\u8fdb\u5148\u8fdb\u88c5\u5907\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u73b0\u4ee3\u519b\u4e8b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u5185\u5916\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u53cd\u82cf\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u7559\u5fb7\u4eba\u58eb\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u79d8\u5bc6\u7269\u8272\u5fb7\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u4eba\u9009\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6218\u6218\u8d25\u56fd\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53d7\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u89c4\u6a21\u88ab\u5927\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u91cf\u804c\u4e1a\u519b\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u5bf9\u6b64\u6697\u4e2d\u9f13\u52b1\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9000\u5f79\u519b\u5b98\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u62c5\u4efb\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u65e2\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u91cd\u6574\u519b\u5907\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e5f\u6025\u9700<strong>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u94a8\u3001\u9511<\/strong>\u7b49\u6218\u7565\u539f\u6599\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u672c\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUicY0LvRgMzd9w4vBKMZEHC6iaItb5XibkCdp4aRhcdUb3o9NibMoDoMRUOLeeocQ3BCOpJ71KqNw3fOFic06mwpU8JicJTMNzxQHzlA\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=7\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u6781\u6df1\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u66fe\u7559\u5b66\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7ecf\u5386\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7cbe\u901a\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u719f\u8c19\u5fb7\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u66f4\u8ba9\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4eba\u8109\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u65e5\u540e\u626e\u6f14\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u201d\u89d2\u8272\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u5b66\u6210\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u6b65\u5165\u653f\u575b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u4eb2\u4fe1\u30021934\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u4e2d\u5fb7\u539f\u6750\u6599\u53ca\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e92\u6362\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u4ee5\u8d27\u6613\u8d27<\/strong>\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5408\u4f5c\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u4ec5\u622a\u81f31938\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u8fd0\u62b5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u706b\u7269\u8d44\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u9ad8\u8fbe1.44\u4ebf\u9a6c\u514b\uff08\u7ea6\u54085816\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u6b65\u67aa\u3001\u5766\u514b\u5230\u94a2\u76d4\uff0c\u88c5\u5907\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9tpsy1hHicXrNiaicic5JTdzzGgfmkAJwuPq5wsgqoCQPb61fAJxVRgjGPCTkMzPOHVIbfdicsl6TeohDdJfYt7UBGJLH3MPeHGOOA\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=8\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c49\u9633\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u4e8e1935\u5e74\u6210\u529f\u4eff\u5236\u51fa&#8221;\u6bdb\u745f&#8221;98\u6b65\u67aa\uff0c\u5373\u8457\u540d\u7684&#8221;\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f&#8221;\u6b65\u67aa\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5236\u5f0f\u88c5\u5907\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u8fd8\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u6c81\u673a\u67aa\u3001\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9632\u6bd2\u9762\u5177\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u957f\u671f\u8d1f\u8d23\u5bf9\u5fb7\u8054\u7edc\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5185\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u4eb2\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u201d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5f20\u9759\u6c5f\u3001\u6234\u5b63\u9676\u7b49\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6700\u4fe1\u8d56\u7684\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u201c\u6234\u2014\u6731\u5c0f\u96c6\u56e2\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u8fd8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e03 &nbsp;\u9996\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u603b\u987e\u95ee<\/strong><strong>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u9c8d\u5c14<\/strong><strong>\u4e0a\u6821<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1927\u5e74\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u59d4\u6258\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u7269\u8272\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u6731\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8054\u7cfb\u4e0a\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u9000\u5f79\u519b\u5b98\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u9c8d\u5c14\u4e0a\u6821\u3002\u9c8d\u5c14\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u519b\u961f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5efa\u8bae\u4e66\u300b\u6df1\u5f97\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u8058\u8bf7\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u9996\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u603b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u66fe\u516c\u5f00\u79f0<strong>\u9c8d\u5c14\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u670b\u53cb\u201d<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUicGRYCmEmiaBYWzU1jqadNuvbQRqSfLIaaVYNPbz4dv6Wz3hTBuoZia3HxqG1Yo2tibNV17G6FPlMZ2fKJJOib5Sicvn5VnoBRQpTRc\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=9\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9c8d\u5c14\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u70ae\u5175\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6218\u7565\u5934\u8111\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u5174\u767b\u5821\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u548c\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u6218\u201d\u6218\u7565\u6784\u60f3\u90fd\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u624b\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u540d\u5c06\u9c81\u767b\u9053\u592b\u6700\u501a\u91cd\u7684\u667a\u56ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u6bd4\u55bb\u9c81\u767b\u9053\u592b\u662f\u6572\u54cd\u6218\u9f13\u7684\u5927\u69cc\uff0c\u800c\u9c8d\u5c14\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u69cc\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUicuYk5Db5VnL2R1FcibHJicmRAQyaqO2AiaicWGcDyNUIeSmRjJIDoEu80JHhsDQbsN32jgrjtBrcvGpTdaRhLdar46ib1J70hmYIQQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=10\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u516b &nbsp;\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u585e\u514b\u7279\u4e00\u7ea7\u4e0a\u5c06<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9c8d\u5c14\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u7ee7\u7eed\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u5173\u952e\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7275\u7ebf\u8058\u8bf7\u4e86\u540e\u7eed\u51e0\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u603b\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u585e\u514b\u7279\u5c06\u519b\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u540d\u5b57\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u51af\u201d\uff08von\uff09\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6731\u5bb6\u9a85\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u987e\u95ee\u56e2\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u53d1\u6325\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_png\/LzLLBqSgCUibmnCHwDYRicLdZPHqaZdYC9SkiapfH8FxURicO9MJDtOItDicOzHLgpawMAe6Hd7CJSwqcCvZJoB4KwuYPVIWx3DRwKXNG3310G0Q\/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=11\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u585e\u514b\u7279\uff08Hans von Seeckt\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fb7\u519b\u4e8b\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5730\u4f4d\u6700\u663e\u8d6b\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5341\u4e07\u9646\u519b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u51e0\u4e4e\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u519b\u4e8b\u771f\u7406\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u7684\u4e25\u5389\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u9646\u519b\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u5c11\u800c\u7cbe\u201d\u7684\u5efa\u519b\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u519b\u5b98\u8f6e\u8bad\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u6f14\u4e60\u7b49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u4e8c\u6218\u5fb7\u519b\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUibm6ShKNBFm0Hs7EfzdDLM37AZgmEWa9ibeA0ibGiblBfCHDVrgotXalUAZtcIs8SonA9wJQwdt8WR3p3odEiaVQWLLXlibic4Uw5lKM\/640?wx_fmt=webp&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=12\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed61933\u5e74\u53d7\u9080\u6765\u534e\u65f6\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6781\u4e3a\u656c\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f00\u51fa\u6bcf\u67082000\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u9ad8\u85aa\uff0c\u8fd8\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u201c\u59d4\u5458\u957f\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u53d1\u53f7\u65bd\u4ee4\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u534e\u65f6\u95f4\u867d\u4e0d\u957f\uff081933-1935\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f4\u6307\u8981\u5bb3\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u519b\u961f\u6539\u9769\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7684\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u201c\u4e0d\u5728\u60a3\u5be1\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u60a3\u591a\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u8def\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u88c1\u51cf\u5197\u5175\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d44\u6e90\u5148\u6253\u9020\u4e00\u652f\u88c5\u5907\u7cbe\u826f\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u6709\u7d20\u3001\u80fd\u8d77\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7cbe\u9510\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u6269\u519b\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fc7\u7684\u201c\u5341\u4e07\u9646\u519b\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ffb\u7248\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u519b\u961f\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8fd8\u534f\u52a9\u89c4\u5212\u4e86\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e03\u5c40\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u519b\u5de5\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7ed9\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u6218\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_png\/LzLLBqSgCU8uibbyJK4Dh8qoRT7ZuXqQzs2H97tYAd5WK1Kq7JiatvZYicvbJg2GuTynSlFHlFnZMpuuibfex2JZ8TZ0GjicsXIpMl2xUtOmgsog\/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=13\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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srcset=\"https:\/\/jianyipin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/640.webp 536w, https:\/\/jianyipin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/640-208x300.webp 208w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU96iabXNaGNXUsGicZMgibyRGCtyrgnO1b0BnvWgO3xzOb7fBhBKOCpjI1JEk2FDBvXtuKpnUU5bkmfUSTPpxfvBSx9BZHZN5efib0\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=15\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU90ogRibFddEKECkBia5BsAVDzptjgqy0Xv9G5OVTZvPicdibiafibp3QLdGAfqYq0QRRtrTHccS0vs69urKv8XMpX46UYiaR8SjA8YZg\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=16\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5341 &nbsp; \u201c\u5fb7\u68b0\u5e08\u201d<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u5fb7\u68b0\u5e08\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u4f20\u5f88\u5e7f\u7684\u4fd7\u79f0\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u8c03\u6574\u5e08\u201d\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5fb7\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba1\u5212\u752810\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u6807\u51c6\u6574\u7f16\u51fa60\u4e2a\u7cbe\u9510\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u5e08\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6b66\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9GVbcdsKWgydDibLDnoLdmQUG1gqPd1oM12xJ8hLkNCicagJxzvqKRvCwmZHa2kTgXS2amVrxCPw6hYODEdsEicKC6za1k6QqQUQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=17\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUic6Qs4icBEp2T3qG4ibwicibGaJ60Klpa6ibJtHSib1JheGwFSf3HbqFbCiaUPibWbJr4RaZtpDktibjMiaClbCO40ktHKoSnwVTOAWzJQX8\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=18\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5341\u4e00 &nbsp;\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u8bbf\u5fb7<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u90a3\u6837\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u597d\u6076\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6025\u9700\u94a8\u3001\u9511\u7b49\u6218\u7565\u77ff\u4ea7\u6765\u91cd\u6574\u519b\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9b\u5e94\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e00\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u534e\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5fb7\u3001\u65e5\u300a\u53cd\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6218\u7565\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5f53\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u65bd\u538b\u65f6\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u4e2d\u5fb7\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUiciaDl0cqFISqHLSicStJmR7sNTiboug8323yw2APh08ianjQKEicsRz9lSCicfStcr6Pewb9HDE1iaFl3pr9NNN0GQrPxlfcX2n8JKe0\/640?wx_fmt=webp&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=19\" alt=\"\u6587\u7ae0\u914d\u56fe-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b54\u7965\u71991937\u5e74\u7684\u8bbf\u5fb7\u4e4b\u884c\uff0c\u8eab\u8d1f\u53cc\u91cd\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u4f7f\u53c2\u52a0\u82f1\u738b\u52a0\u5195\u5178\u793c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u80a9\u8d1f\u7740\u5de9\u56fa\u4e2d\u5fb7\u519b\u4e8b\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u4e3a\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u91c7\u8d2d\u519b\u706b\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f7f\u547d\u3002\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u4e8e1937\u5e746\u67089\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u957f\u9648\u7ecd\u5bbd\u3001\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5bf9\u5fb7\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u7fc1\u6587\u704f\u53ca\u9a7b\u5fb7\u5927\u4f7f\u7a0b\u5929\u653e\u7b49\uff0c\u8bbf\u5fb7\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6664\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUic0YOLMIXE7wWrjAroQDhOcsWglYnIKOvoLgyjQ3Bx9AgUOkPLEDgGWgOEdHcI7GcOroia7lfOl90ntwMJjCWfFSTmACUujTbSQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=20\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e8c\u53f7\u4eba\u7269\u6208\u6797\u6001\u5ea6\u50b2\u6162\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u7b49\u5019\u591a\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u76f4\u8a00\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f<strong>\u201c\u6218\u7565\u539f\u6599\u4f9b\u5e94\u5730\u201d<\/strong>\u3002\u5f53\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u8d28\u95ee\u5fb7\u56fd\u7a76\u7adf\u613f\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u505a\u670b\u53cb\u65f6\uff0c\u6208\u6797\u53ea\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u65b9\u5236\u5b9a\u957f\u671f\u539f\u6599\u4f9b\u5e94\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u519b\u706b\u9700\u4ed8\u73b0\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUic2rHrDPI7SxayC0EB9k9iafyU2Y9Rn2S1Xoo06FoGsq0v1Wd0EfialgNia26tg0We9Op6XwWMzBwTnjbVT1qKHEMQUicicVkE2hsGQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=21\" alt=\"\u6587\u7ae0\u914d\u56fe-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUib7QXsTMt4wtQib1Zf0Rvz4BIsB9HUh3qlfibD8S3NpnVKmkXyiaWVmkb6kmyicp07sHcHwLm1LQwic4meO0f7R6LSVx0JLUYEftTpQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=22\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/LzLLBqSgCU9NRicJvlBGprovj7yuBiciaeFpS5829NxhYySSPIgCibjGcGylneEIHLEXR0iaepMp2fHutNvUC8v0cQ5NRfAc3ibjup7oPCPAGax4M\/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=24\" alt=\"\u6211\u519b\u6253\u5766\u514b\u4f20\u5947\u6218\u6cd5\uff1a\u6ce5\u5df4\u7cca\u77ad\u671b\u955c\uff0c\u201c\u63ea\u8033\u201d\u626f\u5929\u7ebf__\u51e4\u51f0\u7f51\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_png\/LzLLBqSgCU8msMvjnko7EN9wMdWeoeTH0Hxjb0iaQj4sgfeJeOceY8t8p50njLfcAMX649QYu5DKiaT1z5VV91PySUpakTqtgzzSRfIufblb8\/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=25\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5341\u4e09 \u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u4e66\u4fe1\u5f80\u6765\u548c\u4e92\u8d60\u793c\u54c1\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u4ece\u672a\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u9762\u8c08\u6216\u901a\u8bdd\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u66fe\u4e8e1936\u5e745\u6708\u81f4\u4fe1\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5fb7\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u8868\u793a\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4e3a\u8868\u793a\u201c\u4eb2\u5584\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u66fe\u5411\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8d60\u9001\u8fc7\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u8363\u8a89\u519b\u5200\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7167\u7247\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u751f\u65e5\u65f6\u81f4\u7535\u795d\u8d3a\uff0c\u8d5e\u626c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5fb7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u6bb5\u57fa\u4e8e\u73b0\u5b9e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5fb7\u65e5\u7ed3\u76df\u800c\u7834\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5341\u56db &nbsp; \u5371\u9669\u7684\u201c\u4f1a\u5e08\u201d\u8ba1\u5212<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1942\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u6b63\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u610f\u56fe\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u653b\u5360\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u4e5f\u653b\u5165\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u5251\u6307\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5e0c\u671b\u5fb7\u3001\u65e5\u4e24\u519b\u80fd\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4f1a\u5e08\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u6781\u5927\u6539\u53d8\u4e8c\u6218\u6218\u7565\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\u54c8\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5916\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u91cd\u5149\u8475\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u90fd\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6218\u7565\u6784\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCUibCzZp9HqDhoR9Cq9TQibAsBPEjZsHy3uiapn05SxRTCaad0b50ribmPxfHTgPGkcic6MwP9ZLVC6EAg4j5eiaBiarPwvic7H56dSyccU\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=26\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e8c\u53f7\u4eba\u7269\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u6208\u6797\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4eb2\u4fe1\u6d0b\u514b\uff08Jahnke\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u4e0e\u4e2d\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u539f\u9a7b\u5fb7\u6b66\u5b98\u6842\u6c38\u6e05\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u79d8\u5bc6\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u6d0b\u514b\u5411\u6842\u6c38\u6e05\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u662f\uff0c<strong>\u4e2d\u5fb7\u79d8\u5bc6\u7f14\u7ed3\u519b\u4e8b\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u7f05\u7538\u65b9\u5411\u201c\u7a81\u653b\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ece\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u3001\u4e2d\u4e1c\u65b9\u5411\u8fdb\u653b\u7684\u5fb7\u519b\u5408\u4f5c<\/strong>\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6781\u5177\u8bf1\u60d1\u4f46\u4f1a\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e2d\u56fd\u6297\u6218\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u30021942\u5e746\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<strong>\u201c\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u52ff\u518d\u63a2\u7d22\u4e3a\u5b9c\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u5982\u4e25\u4ee4\u62d2\u7edd\u4e4b\u3002\u201d<\/strong>\u4ed6\u968f\u5373\u547d\u4ee4\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4ee5\u9648\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u6025\u7535\u6842\u6c38\u6e05\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u5176\u201c\u8c22\u7edd\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a<strong>\u201c\u6b64\u79cd\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ea6\u96be\u8f6c\u8fbe\u5176\u610f\uff0c\u63d0\u8986\u7edd\u4e3a\u8981\u201d<\/strong>\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u575a\u51b3\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u51b3\u5fc3\u7ad9\u5728\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u9635\u8425\u4e00\u65b9\u3002\u4ed6\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u4e89\u53d6\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u540c\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u4eb2\u8bbf\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u529b\u529d\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u5316\u89e3\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u6297\u65e5\u519b\u3002\u5fb7\u65b9\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u80cc\u76df\u201d\u8fdb\u653b\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u6096\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5341\u4e94 &nbsp;\u9a7b\u5fb7\u7279\u4f7f\u9f50\u710c<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u79d8\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u4f7f\u9f50\u710c\u7b49\u4eba\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u53cd\u7eb3\u7cb9\u529b\u91cf\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e863\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u63a8\u7ffb\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u653f\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4e24\u8fb9\u4e0b\u6ce8\u201d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u201c\u6218\u8f66\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/LzLLBqSgCUibZzcGydLLBNRiaarl4zGV53fYseZ147Q2dpyhH1tSEtdMBGRlrQdNjYib9OwCaNlhZmlxszQucUDbshYpib0iaWBnNL1SL9nGZsZE\/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=27\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9f50\u710c\uff081905\u20141981\uff09\uff0c\u6cb3\u5317\u9ad8\u9633\u4eba\uff0c\u66fe\u7559\u5b66\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u517c\u4efb\u5fb7\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u966a\u540c\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u8bbf\u5fb7\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5fb7\u8d38\u6613\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u5e76\u57281940\u5e74\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u9a7b\u5fb7\u4f7f\u9986\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e13\u5458\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e3a\u63a9\u62a4\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5f97\u4ee5\u6df1\u5165\u63a5\u89e6\u5fb7\u56fd\u5404\u754c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4eba\u8109\u3002\u9f50\u710c\u6b64\u884c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u8054\u7edc\u5fb7\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e09\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u53cd\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6838\u5fc3\u5708\u5b50\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9ib78ar0jZM3FhLcENj1iby3RiccrLqjZKnPUOV1YBuKRibecx0mCnjzLeXVAU2ZvA3K1NiaaDqzIwxFhJTeFicaVfQNv6JdKPOOr78\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=28\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. \u519b\u706b\u5546\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u5170<\/strong>\uff08Hans Klein\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u534e\u519b\u706b\u8d38\u6613\u673a\u6784\u201c\u5408\u6b65\u697c\u201d\uff08HAPRO\uff09\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\uff0c\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5173\u7cfb\u6df1\u539a\uff0c\u662f\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u201c\u5408\u6b65\u697c\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5408\u6b65\u697c\u201d\uff08HAPRO\uff09\u5b98\u65b9\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1\u8d38\u6613\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u53d6\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a HAPRO\uff0c\u201c\u5408\u6b65\u697c\u201d\u662f\u5176\u97f3\u8bd1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9EXxSJicqib8YJv5qsCZg0iaaiaETNhgOibe1vClGGWkjynqjvT8rrByVwnvPTgcc8eqRCsz4SL8u4picYxlRlm5drgxWzBPic70GZBU\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=29\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u53d7\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u652f\u6301\u7684\u519b\u706b\u5546\u4eba\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u585e\u514b\u7279\u4e0a\u5c06\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u67cf\u9f99\u767d\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u957f\u6c99\u8d6b\u7279\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8e1934\u5e741\u6708\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u521b\u7acb\u4e86HAPRO\u3002<\/strong>HAPRO\u662f\u4e2d\u5fb7\u6613\u8d27\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6267\u884c\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u540e\u8f6c\u4e3a\u56fd\u8425\uff09\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5e73\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/sz_mmbiz_jpg\/LzLLBqSgCU9VIayRnzukhsnNLJNrZPOIHY5OKPNkE7Y1ulDq12e2GEhr5IIRlxDTv15CTkeKnicwWmJPiaBdEXwcHeT91SiaFpF8G6Dgpww5NU\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg&amp;watermark=1&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=30\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6210\u7acb\u5f53\u5e74\u76841934\u5e748\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u5e90\u5c71\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u5fb7\u539f\u6750\u6599\u53ca\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e92\u6362\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5408\u6b65\u697c\u6761\u7ea6\u201d\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u519b\u706b\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u6839\u636e1936\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u8865\u5145\u534f\u5b9a\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b1\u4ebf\u9a6c\u514b\u8d37\u6b3e\uff09\uff0cHAPRO\u534f\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u6e56\u5357\u3001\u6e56\u5317\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u7b49\u5730\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u94a2\u94c1\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u5316\u5de5\u7b4917\u5ea7\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5382\u77ff\uff0c\u4e3a\u6297\u6218\u50a8\u5907\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u52301936\u5e744\u6708\uff0cHAPRO\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\u88ab\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5bb6\u6709\u519b\u65b9\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u79c1\u8425\u516c\u53f8\u53d8\u4e3a\u56fd\u8425\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e2d\u5fb7\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<strong>2. \u524d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u957f\u6c99\u8d6b\u7279<\/strong>\uff08Hjalmar Schacht\uff09\u66fe\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u521b\u9020\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u201c\u91d1\u878d\u602a\u6770\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u53cd\u5bf9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u7b56\u800c\u79bb\u804c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u534e\u53cb\u597d\u3002<strong>3. \u56fd\u9632\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5385\u5385\u957f\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u5c06\u519b<\/strong>\uff08Georg 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